Indabyo zirinda umuriro Imiryango y'imyenda
Ibintu bigabanya umuriro bikunze kongerwa ku bicuruzwa bikoreshwa n'abaguzi kugira ngo byuzuze amabwiriza yo gutwika ibikoresho byo mu nzu, imyenda, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, n'ibindi bikoresho by'ubwubatsi nko gukingira umuriro.
Imyenda irinda umuriro ishobora kuba ubwoko bubiri: insinga karemano zirinda umuriro cyangwa zivuwe n'imiti irinda umuriro. Imyenda myinshi irashya cyane kandi ishobora guteza akaga k'umuriro keretse iyo ivuwe n'ibintu bigabanya umuriro.
Ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro ni ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibinyabutabire byongerwa ahanini ku bicuruzwa by'imyenda kugira ngo birinde cyangwa bitinde gukwirakwira kw'inkongi. Imiryango y'ingenzi y'ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bikunze gukoreshwa mu nganda z'imyenda ni: 1. Halogens (Bromine na Chlorine); 2. Fosifore; 3. Azote; 4. Fosifore na Azote
BFR zikoreshwa mu gukumira inkongi mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'amashanyarazi. Urugero, mu dukingirizo twa televiziyo na za moniteur za mudasobwa, uduce twanditseho, insinga z'amashanyarazi n'udupira tw'amashanyarazi.
Mu nganda z'imyenda, BFR zikoreshwa mu myenda yo gutwikira inyuma ku madirishya, intebe n'ibikoresho byo mu nzu. Urugero ni Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) na Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs).
BFR ikomeje kubaho mu bidukikije kandi hari impungenge ku ngaruka izi miti zishobora guteza ku buzima bw'abaturage. BFR nyinshi ntizemerewe gukoreshwa. Mu 2023, ECHA yongereye bimwe mu bicuruzwa ku rutonde rwa SVHC, nka TBBPA (CAS 79-94-7), BTBPE (CAS 37853-59-1).
Iki cyiciro gikoreshwa cyane haba muri polymeri no mu myenda ya selulose. By’umwihariko, mu bintu bigabanya umuriro bya organophosphorus bidafite halogen, phosphates za triaryl (zifite impeta eshatu za benzene zifatanye n’itsinda ririmo fosifore) zikoreshwa nk’ibindi bisimbura ibintu bigabanya umuriro bya brominated. Ibintu bigabanya umuriro bya organophosphorus rimwe na rimwe bishobora kuba birimo bromine cyangwa chlorine.
Amabwiriza agenga umutekano w’ibikinisho EN 71-9 abuza ibintu bibiri byihariye bigabanya umuriro wa fosifeteri mu bikoresho byoroshye gukoresha mu bikinisho byagenewe abana bari munsi y’imyaka 3. Ibi bintu bibiri bigabanya umuriro birashoboka cyane kuboneka mu bikoresho by’imyenda bitwikiriwe na pulasitiki nka PVC kuruta ku gitambaro ubwacyo. Tri-o-cresyl phosphate, phosphate ya tricresyl ihumanya cyane, ntabwo ikoreshwa cyane kurusha phosphate ya tris (2-chloroethyl).
Ibintu bigabanya umuriro bya azote bishingiye kuri melamine cyangwa ibindi bikomoka kuri yo, ni ukuvuga umunyu urimo aside organic cyangwa inorganic. Melamine nziza nk'ikintu kigabanya umuriro ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutwikira ifuro rya polyurethane rigabanya umuriro ku bikoresho byo mu nzu, intebe z'imodoka/imodoka n'intebe z'abana. Ibintu bikomoka kuri melamine nka FR bikoreshwa mu bwubatsi no mu bikoresho by'amashanyarazi n'iby'ikoranabuhanga.
Ibintu bigabanya umuriro byongerwaho nkana kugira ngo byongere umutekano w'imyenda.
Menya neza ko wirinde ibintu byose bigabanya umuriro cyangwa bibujijwe. Mu 2023, ECHA yanditse Melamine (CAS 108-78-1) muri SVHC.
Ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bya Taifeng bidafite halogen bishingiye kuri Fosifore na Azote mu myenda n'imigozi.
Ibisubizo bya Taifeng bidafite halogen ku myenda n'imigozi bitanga umutekano w'inkongi y'umuriro bitagize ingaruka mbi hakoreshejwe ibintu byangiza ubuzima. Dutanga harimo ibintu bigabanya umuriro byakozwe mu buryo bwihariye kugira ngo bikore imigozi ya viscose/rayon ndetse n'ibintu bikora neza mu kurinda imyenda n'uruhu rw'ubukorano. Ku bijyanye n'imyenda ipfuka inyuma, gukwirakwira mu buryo bwiteguye gukoreshwa bishobora kwirinda inkongi y'umuriro nubwo haba habayeho gukaraba kenshi no gusukura byumye.
Ubwirinzi bukomeye ku nkongi z'umuriro, inyungu z'ingenzi z'umuti wacu ku myenda n'imigozi.
Imyenda igabanya umuriro ikorwa n'imashini igabanya umuriro nyuma yo kuyitunganya.
Ubwoko bw'imyenda irinda umuriro: irinda umuriro by'igihe gito, irinda umuriro by'igihe gito kandi iramba (irinda umuriro by'igihe kirekire).
Uburyo bw'agateganyo bwo kugabanya umuriro: koresha ikintu kigabanya umuriro gishongesha amazi, nka ammonium polyphosphate ishongesha amazi, hanyuma uyishyire ku mwenda neza ukoresheje amazi, ushyiramo ipasi, usuka cyangwa utera amavuta, nibindi, kandi izagira ingaruka zo kugabanya umuriro nyuma yo kuyumisha. Birakwiriye kandi biroroshye gufata ku bintu bidakenera kumeswa cyangwa kumesa kenshi, nk'amarido n'amabara y'izuba, ariko ntibirwanya kumesa.
Gukoresha umuti wa APP ushongesha amazi wa 10%-20%, TF-301, TF-303 byombi ni byiza. Umuti w'amazi ni mwiza kandi nta PH urimo. Dukurikije icyifuzo cy'umuti ugabanya inkongi, umukiriya ashobora guhindura ingano y'amazi.
Uburyo bwo gukaraba umuriro buhoraho: Bivuze ko umwenda urangiye ushobora kwihanganira gukaraba inshuro 10-15 kandi ugakomeza kugira ingaruka zo gukaraba umuriro, ariko nturwanya isabune yo mu bushyuhe bwinshi. Ubu buryo bukwiriye imyenda yo gushushanya imbere, intebe z'imodoka, ibipfuka, nibindi.
TF-201 itanga umucanwa uhendutse, udafite halogen, ushingiye kuri fosifore, ukoreshwa mu gusiga no gutwikira imyenda. TF-201, TF-201S, TF-211, TF-212 zikwiriye gusiga imyenda. Imyenda ihoraho igabanya umuriro. Amahema yo hanze, tapi, ibipfukisho byo ku nkuta, intebe zigabanya umuriro (imbere mu modoka, ubwato, gari ya moshi n'indege) amakamyo y'abana, amarido, imyenda yo kwirinda.
Uburyo bwo kohereza
| Amoniyuni | Emulsion ya acrylic | Umukozi wo gukwirakwiza | Umukozi Usebanya | Umukozi wo gukurura |
| 35 | 63.7 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 1.0 |
Uburyo bwo kurangiza burambye kandi butinda umuriro: Umubare w'imashini zoza ushobora kugera ku nshuro zirenga 50, kandi zishobora gusigwa isabune. Bikwiriye imyenda yoza kenshi, nk'imyenda yo kwirinda akazi, imyenda yo kuzimya inkongi, amahema, imifuka, n'ibikoresho byo mu rugo.
Bitewe n'imyenda idashya nk'imyenda ya Oxford idashya, ntishobora gushya, ntishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi, ntishobora gushyuha cyane, ntishonga, nta gutonyanga, kandi ifite imbaraga nyinshi. Kubwibyo, iki gicuruzwa gikoreshwa cyane mu nganda z'ubwubatsi bw'amato, gusudira ibyuma binini no kubungabunga ingufu z'amashanyarazi, ibikoresho birinda gusudira gazi, inganda zikora imiti, ibyuma, ikinamico, amaduka manini, amaduka manini, amahoteli n'ahandi hantu hahurira abantu benshi hafite umwuka uhagije, ibikoresho byo kwirinda inkongi no kwirinda inkongi.
TF-211, TF-212, ni nziza ku myenda iramba idacana umuriro. Ni ngombwa kongeramo irangi ririnda amazi.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho by'imyenda irinda umuriro mu bihugu bitandukanye
Imyenda irinda umuriro ni imyenda ishobora kuzimya mu masegonda abiri uhereye igihe umuriro ufunguye kabone n'iyo yaba yatwitswe n'umuriro ufunguye. Dukurikije uko ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bigenda, hari ubwoko bubiri bw'imyenda irinda umuriro mbere yo kuwutunganya n'imyenda irinda umuriro nyuma yo kuwutunganya. Gukoresha imyenda irinda umuriro bishobora gutinza ikwirakwira ry'umuriro, cyane cyane gukoresha imyenda irinda umuriro ahantu hahurira abantu benshi bishobora kwirinda abandi bantu benshi.
Gukoresha imyenda irinda inkongi bishobora gutinza ikwirakwira ry'inkongi, cyane cyane gukoresha imyenda irinda inkongi ahantu hahurira abantu benshi bishobora kwirinda abandi bantu benshi. Ibisabwa ku bijyanye n'imikorere y'imyenda mu gihugu cyanjye ni ibyo mu gihugu cyanjye, cyane cyane ku myenda irinda inkongi, imyenda ikoreshwa ahantu hahurira abantu benshi, ndetse no mu modoka imbere.
Igipimo cy'ingufu zirinda umuriro mu Bwongereza
1. BS7177 (BS5807) ikwiriye imyenda nk'ibikoresho byo mu nzu na matelas ahantu hahurira abantu benshi mu Bwongereza. Ibisabwa byihariye kugira ngo inkongi ikore neza, uburyo bwo gupima buhamye. Inkongi igabanyijemo amasoko umunani y'inkongi kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 7, bihuye n'ibipimo bine byo kurinda inkongi by'umuriro, birimo ibyago biri hagati, hejuru n'ibikomeye cyane.
2. BS7175 ikwiriye amahame ahoraho yo kwirinda inkongi mu mahoteli, ahantu ho kwidagadurira n'ahandi hantu hahurira abantu benshi. Ikizamini gisaba gutsinda ubwoko bubiri cyangwa burenze bw'ibizamini bya Schedule4Part1 na Schedule5Part1.
3. BS7176 ikwiriye imyenda itwikiriye ibikoresho, isaba kwirinda umuriro no kwirinda amazi. Mu gihe cyo gupima, imyenda n'ibyuzuza birakenewe kugira ngo bihuze n'igihe cyagenwe Igice cya 1, Icyiciro cya 5 Igice cya 1, ubucucike bw'umwotsi, uburozi n'ibindi bimenyetso by'ibizamini. Ni igipimo gikomeye cyo kurinda inkongi ku ntebe zifite igipfundikizo kuruta BS7175 (BS5852).
4. BS5452 ikoreshwa ku myenda yo kuryamaho n'imisago mu bibanza rusange by'Abongereza n'ibikoresho byose bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ni ngombwa ko bibasha gukomezwa no gushya nyuma yo gukaraba inshuro 50 cyangwa gusukura byumye.
5. BS5438 series: Pajama z'abana zo mu Bwongereza BS5722; Ibitanda byo mu Bwongereza BS5815.3; Amarido yo mu Bwongereza BS6249.1B.
Igipimo cy'umurimbo w'Abanyamerika gikoreshwa mu kugabanya umuriro
1. CA-117 ni igipimo gikoreshwa cyane mu kurinda inkongi z'umuriro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ntigisaba igeragezwa nyuma y'amazi kandi gikoreshwa ku myenda myinshi yoherezwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
2. CS-191 ni yo ngamba rusange yo kurinda inkongi ku myenda irinda inkongi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ishimangira imikorere y'umuriro mu gihe kirekire no kwambara neza. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubusanzwe ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu mu ntambwe ebyiri cyangwa uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu mu ntambwe nyinshi, bufite ikoranabuhanga rihanitse kandi bufite inyungu nyinshi.
