Amakuru

Ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no kudashira kw'umuriro kw'ibikoresho by'imodoka n'uburyo insinga zidashobora gushiraho umuriro zikoreshwa mu modoka

Bitewe n'iterambere ryihuse ry'inganda z'imodoka, imodoka—zikoreshwa mu gutwara abantu cyangwa gutwara ibicuruzwa—zabaye ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu buzima bw'abantu. Nubwo imodoka zitanga uburyo bworoshye, zinateza ibibazo by'umutekano, nko kugongana kw'imodoka no gutwika mu buryo butunguranye. Bitewe n'umwanya muto n'ibikoresho byo imbere bishobora gushya, iyo umuriro utangiye mu modoka, akenshi biragoye kuwugenzura, bigashyira mu kaga ubuzima n'imitungo y'abagenzi. Kubwibyo, umutekano w'inkongi mu modoka ukwiye kuba ikibazo gikomeye ku bakoresha.

Impamvu zitera inkongi z'umuriro muri rusange zishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bikurikira:
(1) Ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibinyabiziga, harimo amakosa y'amashanyarazi, gucika kw'ibikomoka kuri lisansi, no gucikagurika kw'ibikoresho biterwa n'impinduka, imitangire cyangwa isuku idakwiye.
(2) Ibintu byo hanze, nko kugongana, kuzunguruka kw'imodoka, gutwika, cyangwa amasoko y'umuriro adahari.

Imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu, zifite bateri zikoresha ingufu nyinshi, zikunze kwibasirwa cyane n'inkongi z'umuriro bitewe n'imiyoboro migufi iterwa no kugongana, gupfumuka, guhumeka kw'ubushyuhe bukabije, cyangwa umuriro mwinshi mu gihe cyo gusharija vuba.

01 Ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no kwirinda umuriro w'ibikoresho by'imodoka

Inyigo ku bikoresho bigabanya inkongi z'umuriro yatangiye mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Bitewe n'iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga mu myaka ya vuba aha, habayeho ubusabe bushya bwo gukora ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho byo mu nzu by'imodoka bigabanya inkongi z'umuriro, cyane cyane muri ibi bikurikira:

Ubwa mbere, ubushakashatsi bushingiye ku nyigisho ku kugabanya inkongi z'umuriro. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, abashakashatsi bo mu Bushinwa bashyize imbaraga mu kwiga uburyo bwo gutwika insinga zitandukanye na pulasitiki, ndetse no gukoresha ibintu bigabanya inkongi z'umuriro.

Icya kabiri, guteza imbere ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro. Muri iki gihe, hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro biri gukorwa. Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ibikoresho nka PPS, fibre ya karubone, na fibre y'ibirahure byakoreshejwe neza mu nganda zitandukanye.

Icya gatatu, ubushakashatsi ku myenda igabanya inkongi z'umuriro. Imyenda igabanya inkongi z'umuriro yoroshye gukora kandi ikora neza cyane. Nubwo imyenda ikozwe mu ipamba igabanya inkongi z'umuriro yamaze gutera imbere, ubushakashatsi ku yindi myenda igabanya inkongi z'umuriro buracyari buke mu Bushinwa.

Icya kane, amabwiriza n'uburyo bwo gupima ibikoresho bigabanya inkongi z'umuriro.

Ibikoresho byo mu nzu by’imodoka bishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bitatu muri rusange:

Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri fibre (urugero: intebe, tapi, imikandara y'imodoka)—ni byo bikoreshwa cyane kandi bihura n'abagenzi.
Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri pulasitiki.
Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri rubber.

Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri fibre, kuko bishobora gushya cyane kandi bikaba byegereye abagenzi, biteza ibyago bikomeye mu gihe habayeho inkongi. Byongeye kandi, bimwe mu bice by'ibinyabiziga, nka bateri na moteri, biba biri hafi y'ibikoresho by'imyenda, bigatuma inkongi ikwirakwira. Kubwibyo, kwiga uburyo umuriro udashobora gukwirakwira mu bikoresho by'imbere mu modoka ni ingenzi kugira ngo bitinde gushya no guha abagenzi umwanya wo gutoroka.

02 Urutonde rw'imigozi irinda umuriro

Mu bijyanye n'imyenda yo mu nganda, imyenda y'imodoka igira uruhare runini. Imodoka itwara abagenzi isanzwe igizwe n'ibikoresho byo mu nzu bingana na kg 20–40, inyinshi muri byo zikaba ari imyenda, harimo n'ibipfundikizo by'intebe, imifuka, imikandara y'intebe, n'aho guhagarara. Ibi bikoresho bifitanye isano rya hafi n'umutekano w'abashoferi n'abagenzi, bikaba bisaba ubushobozi bwo gukumira inkongi y'umuriro kugira ngo umuriro ugabanuke kandi wongere igihe cyo gutoroka.

Insinga zigabanya umuriroBisobanurwa nk'imigozi idashya cyangwa ngo itwike burundu iyo ikoze ku isoko ry'umuriro, bigatuma umuriro uba muke kandi ukizimya vuba iyo isoko ry'umuriro rimaze gukurwaho. Igipimo cya Oxygen Index (LOI) gikunze gukoreshwa mu gupima ubushobozi bwo gutwika, aho LOI iri hejuru ya 21% igaragaza ubushobozi bwo gutwika buke.

Insinga zigabanya umuriro zigabanyijemo ibice bibiri:

Inherently Fire Retardant Fibers
Izi fibre zifite amatsinda y’inkwi yubakiyemo mu minyururu yazo ya polymer, yongera ubushyuhe, yongera ubushyuhe bwo kubora, ikagabanya imyuka isharira, kandi igatuma habaho ihinduka ry’ingufu. Ingero zirimo:

Insinga za Aramid (urugero, para-aramid, meta-aramid)
Fibre za poliimide (urugero: Kermel, P84)
Fibre za Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
Fibre za Polybenzimidazole (PBI)
Fibre za Melamine (urugero: Basofil)

Imigozi ya Meta-aramide, polysulfonamide, polyimide, na PPS yamaze gukorwa ku bwinshi mu Bushinwa.

Fibres zihindura umuriro zirinda umuriro
Izi fibre zigira ingaruka mbi ku muriro binyuze mu kongeramo cyangwa kuvugurura ubuso, harimo:

Polyester ifata umuriro
Nayiloni igabanya umuriro
Viscose igabanya umuriro
Polypropylene igabanya umuriro

Uburyo bwo guhindura burimo copolymerization, kuvanga, guhuza imvange, gushyiramo imvange, no kurangiza nyuma yo kuyitunganya.

03 Imikoreshereze y'Insinga Zidakoresha Umuriro Ukomeye mu Kurinda Ibinyabiziga

Ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro mu modoka bigomba kuzuza ibisabwa byihariye bitewe n'umwanya muto. Bitandukanye n'ibindi bikoresho, ibi bikoresho bigomba kwirinda umuriro cyangwa kugaragaza igipimo cyo gutwika gigenzurwa (urugero, ≤70 mm/min ku modoka zitwara abagenzi).

Byongeye kandi, ibyo ugomba kwitaho birimo:

Umwotsi muke kandi nta myuka ihumanya iva mu kirerekugira ngo habeho umutekano w'abagenzi.
Imiterere irwanya imihindagurikirekugira ngo hirindwe inkongi ziterwa n'umwuka w'ibikomoka kuri peteroli cyangwa ivumbi ryiyongera.

Imibare igaragaza ko buri modoka ikoresha metero kare 20–42 z'imyenda, bigaragaza ko hari ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukura mu myenda y'imodoka. Iyi myenda ishyirwa mu byiciro by'imitako n'imitako, hibandwa cyane ku mikorere—cyane cyane kutagira inkongi z'umuriro—bitewe n'ibibazo by'umutekano.

Imyenda irinda umuriro cyane ikoreshwa muri ibi bikurikira: